Rbi and Its Roles Free Essays

1. RBI and its Roles Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the national bank of India. It screens, figures and actualizes India’s financial strategy. We will compose a custom exposition test on Rbi and Its Roles or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Built up in the year 1935, RBI was nationalized in the year 1949. Claimed completely by the Government of India, Reserve Bank has 22 territorial workplaces in different state capitals of India with its base camp situated in Mumbai. It has a greater part stake in the State Bank of India. Job of RBI plans the fiscal strategy, therefore directing and regulating the economy of India. RBI is the preeminent financial expert in India. It sets the rules as indicated by which the financial activities and budgetary frameworks inside the nation capacities. I. Guarantor of money RBI is the sole expert for the issue of cash in India. Significant cash is as RBI notes, for example, notes in the groups of two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, 500, and one thousand. RBI has two offices †the Issue division and Banking office. The issue division is committed to giving cash. All the cash gave is the money related obligation of RBI that is supported by resources of equivalent worth held by this division. Resources comprise of gold, coin, bullion, remote protections, rupee coins, and the government’s rupee protections. The office gains these advantages at whatever point required by giving money. The conditions overseeing the creation of these benefits decide the idea of the cash standard that wins in India. The Banking division of RBI cares for the financial tasks. It deals with the cash available for use and its withdrawal from course. Giving new money is known as development of cash and withdrawal of cash is known as constriction of cash. ii. Investor to the legislature RBI goes about as financier, both to the focal government and state governments. It deals with all the financial exchanges of the legislature including the receipt and installment of cash. Also, RBI dispatches trade and performs other financial activities. RBI gives transient credit to the focal government. Such credit causes the administration to meet any deficits in its receipts over its payment. RBI additionally gives transient acknowledge to state governments as advances. RBI likewise deals with every new issue of government advances, adjusting the administration obligation exceptional, and sustaining the market for government’s protections. RBI exhorts the legislature on banking and money related subjects, global account, financing of five-year plans, preparing assets, and banking enactment. iii. Overseeing government protections Various monetary foundations, for example, business banks are legally necessary to contribute indicated least extents of their all out resources/liabilities in government protections. RBI controls these ventures of foundations. Different duties of RBI with respect to these protections are to guarantee †* Smooth working of the market * Readily accessible to potential purchasers * Easily accessible in huge numbers Undisturbed development structure of financing costs on account of abundance or deficiency flexibly * Not expose to brisk and colossal changes * Reasonable liquidity of ventures * Good gathering of the new issues of government credits iv. Financier to different Banks The job of RBI as an investor to different banks is as per the following: * Holds a portion of the money stores of b anks * Lends assets for brief period * Provides brought together clearing and fast settlement offices RBI has the position to legally guarantee that the planned business banks store a specified proportion of their complete net liabilities. This proportion is known as money hold proportion [CRR]. In any case, banks can utilize these stores to meet their transitory prerequisites for interbank clearing as the upkeep of CRR is determined dependent on the normal parity over a period. v. Controller of cash flexibly and credit RBI needs to direct the cases of contending banks on cash gracefully and credit. RBI additionally needs to meet the credit necessities of the remainder of the financial framework. RBI needs to guarantee advancement of greatest yield, and keep up value steadiness and a high pace of monetary development. To play out these capacities adequately, RBI utilizes a few control instruments, for example, †* Open Market Operations Changes in legal save necessities for banks * Lending arrangements towards banks * Control over financing cost structure * Statutory liquidity apportion of banks vi. Trade chief and controller RBI oversees trade control, and speaks to India as an individual from the universal Monetary Fund [IMF]. As per remote trade guidelines, all outsid e trade receipts, regardless of whether by virtue of fare profit, speculation income, or capital receipts, whether of private or government accounts, must be offered to RBI either straightforwardly or through approved sellers. Most business banks are approved vendors of RBI. ii. Distributer of financial information and other information RBI keeps up and gives all basic banking and other monetary information, planning and basically assessing the monetary arrangements in India. So as to play out this capacity, RBI gathers, examines and distributes information routinely. Clients can benefit this information in the week by week proclamations, the RBI month to month notice, yearly report on cash and fund, and other occasional distributions. 2. Resource and Wealth Management: shared reserve, various sorts of common store and different items and administrations offered by shared reserve organizations Mutual Fund A common reserve is an expertly overseen Medium or vehicle that pools cash from numerous speculators and puts it in stocks, securities, momentary currency showcase instruments and different protections. Common reserve is overseen by proficient chiefs who have profound information and comprehension of Stock Market, Bonds, currency advertise. The joined possessions the shared store claims are known as its portfolio. Kinds of shared store Mutual Funds are of different sorts relying on the accompanying: 1) based on structure This incorporates open-finished assets and close finished finances I. Open-finished subsidizes Liquidity is the key component included which implies these assets resemble Open Box where financial specialists can go into or exit from an open-finished plan whenever at NAV (Net Asset Value) related costs. Open finished assets are well known with speculators since they work in comparative manner to securities exchange where no development or lock-in period is included. II. Close-finished finances A nearby finished store or plan has a specified development period for eg. 5 †7 years. The store is open for membership just during a predefined period at the hour of the dispatch of the plan. Speculators can put resources into the plan at the hour of the underlying open issue and from that point they can purchase or sell the units of the plan on the stock trade where the units are recorded. So as to give a leave course to the financial specialists, some nearby finished finances give the choice of selling back the units to the shared reserve through occasional repurchase at NAV related costs. 2) based on resource class based on Asset classes there can be Equity conspire wherein you put resources into offers, Debt or Income plot wherein you can put resources into govt. ecurities, adjusted plan wherein you can put resources into the two values and fixed pay protections. 3) based on speculation goals Investment targets can be Growth plan or Income plot or Balanced plan. | Growth Scheme| Income Scheme| Balanced Scheme| Aim| To give capital increase over medium to long term| To give standard and consistent salary to investors| To give both development and pay by intermittently appropriating a piece of the pay ; capital additions they earn| Invests| Invests a significant piece of their reserve in equities| Invest in fixed pay protections like securities and corporate debentures. Put resources into the two bonds and shares| 4) Other sorts A. Division explicit plan Invest just in segment for eg. Foundation store would put resources into framework organizations. Sectoral reserves convey a higher hazard alongside a higher potential to produce returns. This is on the grounds that their destiny moves with the segment in which they contribute. Thusly if that division performs well, they produce magnificent returns. B. File conspire Index endeavors to recreate a securities exchange record or as intently as conceivable by putting resources into the stocks that structure that file in exactly the same extent. So a NIFTY file store would have a similar 50 organizations that make up Nifty in the equivalent weightage. The point of a record support is to imitate the presentation of that market file. So on the off chance that the business sectors are rising, at that point your speculation will ascend with nearly a similar rate and in the event that it is falling, you will get comparable negative returns. The principle bit of leeway of putting resources into a list support is the low Expense Ratio that is brought about in these assets when contrasted with different ventures since it is inactively overseen reserves. C. ELSS (Equity connected sparing plans) An Equity-connected sparing plan (ELSS) is an extraordinary speculation alternative that offers the twofold advantages of Tax sparing and capital Gains. Cash gathered under ELSS is for the most part put resources into value and value related instruments. ELSS Schemes have 3 years Lock-in period. Along these lines, subsidize chief can have arrangement of stocks that can beat over some stretch of time. The most ideal approach to put resources into ELSS is through Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). With SIP you can contribute a modest quantity consistently for a particular timeframe. The most effective method to refer to Rbi and Its Roles, Essay models

MP3 Players PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MP3 Players - PowerPoint Presentation Example s, I looked through the web to locate the definite determinations of the mp3 players I and different colleagues knew about and utilizing them in commonsense life. I was at that point acquainted with the product which comes as an integral part of the working frameworks like Windows Media Player and Itunes by Apple. Outsider programming came as extra additional items with other programming bundles of sound cards and speaker frameworks for PCs. In addition such outsider mp3 programming are as often as possible publicized on different sites. The product business is basically centered around creating media rich sites where amusement can be readily available. At the point when PCs are difficult to reach or can't be conveyed along, as on mountaineering trips and other open air outings then the versatile mp3 players come into the image. Propelled gadgets innovation has scaled down the music players while holding the sound quality alongside durable force packs with the goal that music can be delighted in a wide range of spots and conditions. The product was grown simultaneously with the working frameworks and has gotten progressively utilitarian, blunder free and easy to use along the course of history. Indeed, even little children face no issue in taking care of programming mp3 players on their PCs as the product activity is reliant on outwardly alluring and straightforward controls. The music is situated in advantageous envelopes consequently by the product, for example, ‘My Music’ and put away in the mp3 just as different organizations. On the other hand one can store the records in close to home organizers by naming them with obvious titles for simple access. Visual designs have been joined with the music titles and craftsmen which are downloaded consequently by programming like the Windows media Player 11 and Apple Itunes. These two just as other programming players, for example, RealPlayer and MusicMatch Jukebox have separate bundles of these players for various forms of the working frameworks, for exa mple, Windows XP,

How to Cope With Stress and Become More Resilient

How to Cope With Stress and Become More Resilient Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Cope With Stress and Become More Resilient By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on November 19, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Klaus Vedfelt/Taxi/Getty Images Emotional resilience is partially inborn, but it can (and should) be learned and developed. If you’d like to be able to handle life’s challenges (both major and minor) with greater ease, to grow from adversity, and to turn potentially negative events into positive ones, the following steps can help you to become more resilient to stress. Develop the Right Attitude Resilient people tend to view life’s difficulties as challenges and respond accordingly with action, rather than with fear, self-pity, blame or a victim mentality. While life can be very challenging, an important step in becoming more resilient is to develop positive self-talk and to remind yourself that you are strong and can grow stronger and wiser as you handle life’s challenges. Become Aware Part of resilience is emotional awareness; it’s important to understand what you’re feeling and why. Sometimes people feel overwhelmed with their emotions, and this frightens and immobilizes them. Knowing why you feel upset can provide valuable information about what needs to change in your life. It’s also important to do research on how to meet the challenges you face. Maintaining a journal can help you explore your inner world and come up with a plan of action. Develop an Internal Locus of Control Resilient people believe that they’re in control of their lives, and it’s true: while we can’t control our circumstances, we can control how we respond to those circumstances, and that makes a big difference in our attitudes and in the course our lives take. Fortunately, you can develop an internal locus of control. Cultivate Optimism Being an optimist is more than looking on the bright side (though that helps). It’s a way of viewing the world where you maximize your strengths and accomplishments  and minimize your weaknesses and setbacks. Developing a more optimistic world view can help you become more resilient. Rally Social Support While we ultimately face our own challenges, a supportive friend or group of friends can help lighten the load. Those with strong networks of social support tend to stay healthier and happier throughout life  and tend to cope well with stress. Conversely, those with little support may find themselves more vulnerable, and those with conflicted and unsupportive relationships tend to fare even worse. Maintain Your Sense of Humor If you’re able to laugh at life’s frustrations, you can have increased immunity, if you will, to stress and adversity. Those with a sense of humor about life tend to experience life as less stressful, are able to bond with others during difficult times, and experience the numerous benefits of laughter. If you can take a step back from difficult situations long enough to maintain your sense of humor, you will be more resilient, too. Exercise Exercise has been correlated with stronger levels of resilience. This may be due to the effects of endorphins on ones mood, or the physical health benefits to those who exercise, or both. Regardless, adding a regular exercise habit to your lifestyle can benefit you in more ways than one. Get in Touch With Your Spiritual Side Studies have shown that those who are more spiritual tend to be more resilient as well. This doesnt mean that you cant be resilient if you are atheist or agnostic. But if you are open to it, reconnecting or strengthening your connection to your spiritual side can provide you with strength. Note, this means different things to different people. That could mean meditation or yoga to connect with yourself, going on a quiet and reflective walk in the park, or dedicating yourself to another ritual in your life. Don’t Give Up While many people know of coping strategies that can help with stress, as with diets and exercise programs, the most successful individuals are those who maintain the effort for the long term. Don’t give up on your situation; don’t stop working toward getting through it. Trust the process.

Machiavellian Evaluation of Hamlet - 2623 Words

Niccolo Machiavelli is undoubtedly one of the most enigmatic figures in the long evolving history of political thought of modern Europe. No other doctrine of any other political theorist has been so intensely dissected, read, reread and researched upon even after five hundred years. Machiavelli has been accused and accepted, revered and rejected, celebrated and condemnedÂ…very few political theorists have actually managed to cause such diverse reactions in the minds of people all over the world. It is understandable that the main cause of such diverse and contradictory reactions is the so called immorality in the text. Undoubtedly, Machiavelli advices the Prince to be as opportunistic and immoral as possible. A prince and especially†¦show more content†¦According to Machiavelli the rulers who come to power by crime can survive if they use cruelty in the beginning to establish and determine his authority and then use it to maintain and preserve the state Claudius fails to exercise cruelty, he usurps the Kingdom in stealth. He should have complete murdered the royal clan, killing the queen and disposing the prince. He should have wiped off the royal clan to eliminate the possibility of revenge and then he should have ruled with an iron fist.. putting down the general population and then satisfying them later. He does not do all that at all, thus the rotten stench of the court reaches the commoners too. He marries the queen, causing tremendous discontent and affliction in the heart of the young prince. Frailty thy name is woman- A little month, or ere those shoes were old/With which she followd my poor fathers body,/Like Niobe, all tears-why, she- /O, God a beast that wants discourse of reason/Would have mourned longer-married with my uncle,/My fathers brother-but no more like my father/Than I to Hercules. Act 1 Sc 2 146-153 He does not kill the prince when he should have as the prince had the sympathy of the public, but when he finally decides to kill the young prince it is too late. Thus Claudiuss plot fails and in the climax he is killed by Hamlet. Fortinbras on the other hand attains the throne easily and we can thus expectShow MoreRelated Revenge in Hamlet and The Revengers Tragedy Essay3238 Words   |  13 Pagestragedies the two plays I shall look at are Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, and The Revengers Tragedy, by Thomas Middleton. 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Sex as a Means of Agency Essay - 1213 Words

Sex as a Means of Agency â€Å"A woman’s harder to conquer than any beast, than fire, and no panther is quite so ferocious.† (Aristophanes 1058) Life for an Athenian woman was marked by her daily occupation to the household and its occupants. This was the sphere of life where she was able to exert the most power and maintain a certain degree of agency. Her domestic duties included attendance to her husband, and his sexual needs. In the comic portrayal of women in Lysistrata, Aristophanes exploits this domestic power to create a scenario where â€Å"the harsh and intractable realities of life, politics and international aggression are transformed so that wives manage to overcome husbands, love conquers war, insignificant citizens manage to†¦show more content†¦As men created more restrictive roles for women, they came to view them as inherently deviant, and â€Å"consequently came to believe that women needed watching; women were therefore thought naturally to lack self-control and loyalty† (Henderson 23). This view of women as sex-obsessed permeates Aristophanes’ comedies, and is sometimes used as a humorous element that counteracts women’s ambitions for loftier endeavors. The female ambition to overcome their lack of agency is illustrated in Lysistrata, as the women monopolize the men by rallying their collective domestic power, in this case, in the form of â€Å"conjugal strike.† The basis for this plot stems from the pragmatic notion that â€Å"even under the strictest patriarchies resourceful women can wield considerable power within their own families and exert influence on their husbands even on public matters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Henderson 27). The concept that women are each the ruler of an individual â€Å"polis† is illustrated as Lysistrata argues with the Magistrate. She explains that the wives will manage the money, to which he replies with skepticism: MAGISTRATE: You’ll manage the money? LYSISTRATA: What’s so strange in that? Don’t we manage the household finances for you already? (494-496) Lysistrata attempts to convince the men that the women can run the polis, exemplified by their successful management of the household. 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Concepts What is Culture Free Essays

Did you know that culture is universal, meaning that all people have a culture; however, it is different culture within communities because of numerous reasons like beliefs, religions, and race. Society cannot exist without developing a shared culture. With that being said, many individuals find the Amish culture very different and unique. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts What is Culture? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Amish roots originated from Europe and due to the torture and deaths the Amish culture had suffered as a result of their strict religion and beliefs, they found refuge in other locations throughout Europe, to include Switzerland, France, Germany, Holland, and Russia; this was known as the protestant reformation. (Amish America,2010) The Amish is a subculture, there are several groups called â€Å"para-Amish† (G.C. Waldrep), they share many characteristics with the Amish, like horse and buggy transportation, plain dress, and the German language. The conflict of the groups compared to the Amish would be their religious beliefs. Furthermore, the Amish culture is different from the mainstream American culture in many ways such as, their food and housing, their life style, and their beliefs. Amish culture can be considered very reluctant to adopt to the convenience of modern technology. (WIKIPEDIA Amish) They live off the land, they do not eat any processed foods like potato chips or corn flakes. They eat German foods such as, sauerkraut, cabbage and potatoes, home baked breads, eggs, dairy products, grain-based foods, fresh poultry and vegetables grown in their gardens. They are well known for their delicious desserts like shoofly pie, sugar cookies, and schnitz. At the same time, the Amish usually only drink beverages like coffee, tea, milk, and lemonade. (United States Amish and Pennsylvania Dutch) Furthermore, the housing for the Amish include mostly large farm like homes in which they share with two or three other families. However, their life style is relatively different from the American life style, Most Amish people make a living by cooking foods, making clothes, building homes, fencing, and wood structures to sell for profit, others farm on their own lands and/or family lands. They speak German or Pennsylvania Dutch. They make their own clothes, the females wear solid colored long dresses with white or black head covers called bonnets, unlike the males who mainly wear plain colored pants with a t-shirt, suspenders, and straw hats. (WIKIPEDIA Amish) Equally important, The Amish operate a one room school, and they do not offer schooling after the eighth grade. Additionally, teens thirteen to sixteen years of age are encouraged to attend vocational training under supervision of their parents, or teachers, but no other schooling is permitted after that. The Amish teach their youth how to live in the Amish culture so no schooling is needed after sixteen because by then they should know how to do the things to sub stain a successful life. The boys learn how to work the farms meaning milk cows, grow crops, gather eggs, and so much more or they learn how build things out of wood to sell or use, while the ladies learn how to cook, sew. And how to take care of a child. (Wikipedia Amish) However, when it comes to transportation the Amish have a little different way to get around they use horse and buggy. The Amish men train the horses to be able to contain a buggy full of people up and down hills and on roadways with the distractions of other vehicles like cars, trucks, and motor cycles. The Amish men also build buggies to sit in so that they can carry their family and protect them from the weather, they hook the horses to the buggies. To my surprise some buggies are even built with lights, horns, and even windshield wipers depending on where the person lives and/or drives. Consequently, that all plays a role into their beliefs and religion. The Amish have many spiritual beliefs, they are a group of traditionalist Christian fellowships with swiss Anabaptist origins. (Wikipedia Amish) The Amish church membership begins with baptism, baptism is required in order to get married. Once a person is baptized with the church, he or she may marry only within the faith. (Wikipedia Amish) Once a couple is married the husband will then grow a long beard to represent he is a married man. In church which is held every other Sunday in a members home a Bishop along with several ministers and deacons will stress the importance of their Rural life style. They will go over the rules of the church which includes the prohibitions or limitations of the use of power-lines electricity, telephones, and automobiles, if a member is caught doing things outside the Amish religion they are excommunication and may be shunned, which means no one in the community will talk or help that person they are pretty much on there own. (Wikipedia Amish) Moreover,, the Amish can easily be picked out of a crowd because of their material culture. Examples of the material culture that the Amish express are homemade dresses, they are long and one solid color , the bonnets the ladies wear, the horse and buggy they ride in, the hair cuts and facial hair of the men and the long hair for woman. However the non-material culture the Amish express would be there Pennsylvania Dutch language they speak, their belief of baptizing as an adult instead of an infant, the little to no technology they can use, and their belief to not continue their education. In my opinion I respect the fact that they strongly believe in a life with no violence, they seem very family oriented. I believe that the Amish culture love having a honest life living off the land and they are very talented when it comes to the things they can make by hand. Nevertheless, I experienced culture shock after researching how they can live without electricity and telephones, Furthermore, The Amish indicated cultural lag when they stated that they only make medical decisions based on the bible, the mothers have their children at home instead of in hospitals. They do not go to doctors they use remedies and scriptures for healing. In conclusion I feel i am like the Amish in some ways because, I believe in god and share some of the Christian beliefs, i also have grown my own produce before. In contrast, I differ from the Amish mainly because I encourage expanding your education and I love the use of technology I would more than likely be lost without my cell phone and car. I also work outside of my family and home and I can freely date any culture or race if I desire. I would have to say I am just simply more independent and free to do as I want. How to cite Concepts What is Culture?, Papers

Statistics review Essay Example For Students

Statistics review Essay In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individuals organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1. We will write a custom essay on Statistics review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RAs (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RAs were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RAs were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RAs during weekly meetings, with the individual RAs rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RAs are quite similar to those earned by the female RAs. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state the conventional level of significance was not achieved doesnt make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning. For the purpose of this study, the dependant variable was the level of OCB performed by individual RAs. The independent variables included such aspects as inadvertent gender stereotyping, the possibility of a natural tendency for females to engage in more OCB activities, and the authors perceived inflexibility of the performance review scores. The authors state that in future studies, these factors should probably be looked at more closely and given more significant weight. From the different statistics found within the article, I believe that the authors use an alpha level of approximately . 05 percent to report their results. In one place, they state that an alpha level of .025 percent wasnt achieved, but then in another they point out that the alpha level was achieved at .05 percent. I found this article to be interesting as well as mildly unsettling. The authors seem to throw a strange twist in the report by questioning the possibility of gender stereotyping within the RA community as well as outside of it. The fact that they also show that women tend to perform OCB tasks more often than men, yet dont specifically end up being rewarded for them, is not something that I would consider to be a very fair deal. If men are seen doing more than expected, then that is great, they deserve more perhaps a raise. If women are seen doing more than expected hey, wait a minute, that isnt really possible. Quite often, women do more than what is expected of them because they feel that that is what is expected of them. I really ended up enjoying reading this article, although it did tend to get a bit confusing when the authors tried to explain . Statistics review Essay Example For Students Statistics review Essay In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individuals organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1. We will write a custom essay on Statistics review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RAs (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RAs were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RAs were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RAs during weekly meetings, with the individual RAs rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RAs are quite similar to those earned by the female RAs. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state the conventional level of significance was not achieved doesnt make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning. For the purpose of this study, the dependant variable was the level of OCB performed by individual RAs. The independent variables included such aspects as inadvertent gender stereotyping, the possibility of a natural tendency for females to engage in more OCB activities, and the authors perceived inflexibility of the performance review scores. The authors state that in future studies, these factors should probably be looked at more closely and given more significant weight. From the different statistics found within the article, I believe that the authors use an alpha level of approximately . 05 percent to report their results. In one place, they state that an alpha level of .025 percent wasnt achieved, but then in another they point out that the alpha level was achieved at .05 percent. I found this article to be interesting as well as mildly unsettling. The authors seem to throw a strange twist in the report by questioning the possibility of gender stereotyping within the RA community as well as outside of it. The fact that they also show that women tend to perform OCB tasks more often than men, yet dont specifically end up being rewarded for them, is not something that I would consider to be a very fair deal. If men are seen doing more than expected, then that is great, they deserve more perhaps a raise. If women are seen doing more than expected hey, wait a minute, that isnt really possible. Quite often, women do more than what is expected of them because they feel that that is what is expected of them. I really ended up enjoying reading this article, although it did tend to get a bit confusing when the authors tried .